Isabel Nisbet

The term &#8220,rigour&#8221, [&#8220,US &#8220,rigor&#8221,] is often used to justify educational reforms, including changes to public examinations. The paper considers the development of the concept of &#8220,rigour&#8221,, noting in particular…

Although international comparisons of school systems are much studied, there has been less comparative attention paid to the end-of-school assessment or examination arrangements. Where they have been considered, they have…